A
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ABAP
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An SAP programming language.
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| ABAP Objects |
Extends the current ABAP Workbench with object technology and delivers a new extended, virtual machine capable of running new applications implemented using ABAP Objects, as well as all existing ABAP applications.
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| Accelerated SAP (ASAP) |
Standard methodology supporting the implementation of SAP ERP.
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Adaptive Computing Controller
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A tool based on the J2EE engine of SAP NetWeaver Application Server (formerly SAP Web Application Server). It enables users to control the entire landscape from a single point. Administrators can monitor the runtime data of logical and physical landscapes, as well as start, stop, or relocate application services, and assign hardware resources to application services.
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Advanced Business Application Programming (ABAP)
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see ABAP.
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ALE
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see Application Link Enabling.
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Application Link Enabling (ALE)
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ALE enables message-based integration of distributed applications. |
ASAP
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see Accelerated SAP.
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B |
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Building Blocks
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Flexible, transparent, and reusable pieces of functionality that contain the preconfiguration, tools, and documentation need to set up qualified SAP Business All-in-One partner solutions. These building blocks can be used to create a new qualified SAP Business All-in-One partner solutions or to modify an existing scenario or solution.
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Business Server Pages (BSP)
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HTML pages that define the Web user interfaces and specify the elements of user interaction. New technologies, such as Web Dynpro, SAP Composite Application Framework (SAP CAF), or the project codenamed “GUI Machine” have replaced this technology.
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C
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| Customer care and service (CCS) |
This capability is available in the SAP for Utilities solution portfolio, and is designed to help companies enhance their customer care and service processes.
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Complementary Software Products (CSP)
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Software components of companies outside of SAP, which work with the components integrated in SAP ERP and complement the options offered by the software architecture (business framework).
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Conflict Resolution Transport (CRT)
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Software that resolves conflicts that can arise between an SAP ERP support package and an add-on component. Since 1999, CRTs have been incorporated into add-on support packages.
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CRM
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see SAP Customer Relationship Management.
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CRM Customer Interaction Center
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Application component within SAP CRM, which offers a multilayered, integrated platform for interactive handling of business processing. The component can be implemented in numerous scenarios, including service interaction center, telesales, and telemarketing.
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D
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| Default-Release |
The standard software release shipped unless a specific release is ordered. Usually, the most recent release of an SAP component is declared the current default release once the restricted shipment phase has ended.
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Duet
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Software that resulted from collaboration between SAP and Microsoft. Duet enables the users to access selected SAP applications and data while using the familiar Microsoft Office interface.
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E
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EarlyWatch Alert
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see SAP EarlyWatch Alert.
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Enterprise Buyer
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see SAP Enterprise Buyer.
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
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see SAP ERP.
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Enterprise service-oriented architecture (Enterprise SOA)
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see service-oriented architecture (SOA).
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Enterprise SOA
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see service-oriented architecture (SOA).
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ERP
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see SAP ERP.
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Exchange Infrastructure
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see SAP NetWeaver Exchange Infrastructure (SAP NetWeaver XI).
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F |
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Financials
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see SAP ERP Financials.
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G
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GBC
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see SAP Graphic Informations Systems Business Connector.
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I
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IDoc
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see Intermediate Document.
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Index Management Service (IMS)
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Part of SAP’s knowledge provisioning infrastructure that integrates search engines with intelligent search algorithms and result-processing methods.
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Internet Application Components
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Internet applications for SAP ERP that allow companies to carry out transactions, functions, and reports via a Web browser.
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Intermediate Document (IDoc)
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SAP format used to transfer data for a business transaction. An IDoc is a real business process available in the form of an IDoc type.
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Integrated Product and Process Engineering (iPPE, integriertes Produkt- und Prozess-Engineering)
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A model that supports concurrent product development and production process design, which reduces time to market and time to volume. It enables the collection of engineering- and manufacturing-specific information, such as bills of material, routings, and line designs in a single, integrated model.
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Internet Transaction Server (SAP Internet Transaction Server, SAP ITS)
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Interface between SAP ERP and the Internet. Internet and intranet users communicate directly with SAP ERP by running standard transactions, function modules, and reports as Internet application components (IACs).
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ISO/IEC 20000
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Developed from the British BS 15000 standard, this norm defines the requirements of professional IT service management.
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ITIL
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see IT Infrastructure Library.
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IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL)
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International de facto standard structure for potential implementation of IT service management. ITIL is a collection of example best practices and publications that describe the processes, structural organization, and tools necessary for IT infrastructure operations.
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iView
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Part of SAP NetWeaver Portal that can be used to extract data from applications, documents, and the Internet, and display them in a portal.
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J
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Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
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Enterprise Edition: J2EE defines the standard for developing multitier enterprise applications based on Java. This standard has been defined by an open community, including SAP, and is driven by Sun Microsystems Inc.
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L
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Legacy System Migration Workbench
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see SAP Legacy System Migration Workbench.
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O
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Open Source
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Software based on the concept of software developers coming together to build a virtual community and solving a common problem by developing working software. A key rule of the Open Source model is that everyone has the right to change the source code as long as they make the changes available to the community. The constant exchange of ideas and solutions within the community leads to stable and reliable software. Successful development projects under the Open Source model include Linux – a free operating system supported by SAP.
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R
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RTCCTOOL
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see Service Preparation Check.
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S
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SAP Advanced Planning & Optimization (SAP APO)
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A component of the SAP Supply Chain Management application that supports dynamic supply chain management. It includes applications for detailed planning, optimization, and scheduling, and allows the supply chain to be accurately and globally monitored beyond enterprise boundaries.
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SAP APO
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see SAP Advanced Planning & Optimization.
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SAP APO-PP/DS
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Production planning and detailed scheduling capabilities within the SAP Supply Chain Management application. It helps companies optimize throughput times and bottleneck capacities using new scheduling processes (supply optimization) and by achieving online integration of production planning and control activities.
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SAP Auto-ID Infrastructure
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An offering that is part of SAP solutions for auto-ID and item serialization that gives enterprises the capabilities they need to integrate all automated communication and sensing devices. SAP Auto-ID Infrastructure also integrates intelligent controls, such as programmable language controls and Savant technologies, ensuring comprehensive device integration. SAP Auto-ID Infrastructure senses and controls automated signals in real time, connecting directly with business processes requiring signal data to drive faster and better business decisions. One of the first applications is the integration of RFID technology in supply chain processes.
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SAP Best Practices
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SAP Best Practices is functionality preconfigured for a particular vertical industry. The preconfiguration can be used by partners (free of charge) as the basis for further development of a “vertical solution.”
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SAP BI
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see SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence.
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SAP Business All-in-One
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Qualified partner solutions for small businesses and midsize companies with deep industry-specific needs, multiple divisions, and a mature IT infrastructure. It leverages the breadth of the SAP ERP application as it is highly configurable and extensible, with code that can be modified as needed.
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SAP Business ByDesign
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One of SAP’s solutions for small businesses and midsize companies. This solution is targeted at companies that have not traditionally purchased an integrated business application. SAP Business ByDesign is a complete and adaptable on-demand business solution designed to unify and streamline core business operations.
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SAP Business Case Builder
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Tool based on collaborative business maps (C-business maps) from SAP, a collection of industry-specific and cross-industry business scenarios. Taking into account the most important corporate objectives, it guides customers through the analysis process step by step, helping them to evaluate how they can improve their company performance.
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SAP Business Explorer Analyzer
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Analysis and reporting tool that is part of the SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence component and provides reporting on a single ODS Object or on multiple InfoCubes. The analyzer also provides Web reporting capabilities and is an element of the SAP Business Explorer tool.
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SAP Business Information Warehouse (SAP BW)
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Data warehousing component used as a basis for making strategic and operational decisions in companies. It combines state-of-the-art warehousing technology with preconfigured business content, and gives users a clear overview of company-internal data and any external data that is relevant. The wide selection of predefined reports has been specially tailored to meet the needs of specific industry sectors and user groups. Available today as part of SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence.
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SAP Business One
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One of SAP’s solutions for small businesses and midsize companies. This ERP application is targeted at small businesses (up to 100 employees and 50 users) and is an integrated, affordable business management application. This single system can automate critical business operations, such as sales, finance, purchasing, inventory, and manufacturing. It provides accurate, up-to-the-minute views of business data.
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SAP Business Suite
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Family of business applications that links people, information, and processes, and thus increases the effectiveness of business relationships. SAP Business Suite, which currently comprises applications for CRM, ERP, PLM, SCM, and SRM, is built on the SAP NetWeaver technology platform.
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SAP Business Workflow
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Tool designed to enhance business processes through integrated, multifunctional business processes.
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SAP BW
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See SAP Business Information Warehouse or SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence.
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SAP Composite Application Framework (SAP CAF)
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SAP Composite Application Framework is the “factory” in which composite applications are built. It contains the tools, methodologies, rules, and patterns that allow SAP and its partners to develop composite applications efficiently while leveraging all integration layers.
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SAP CRM
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see SAP Customer Relationship Management.
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SAP Customer Competence Center (SAP CCC)
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Competence center locations provide customers and related groups the opportunity to gather user questions and development suggestions internally, and to try to solve them independently before sending them to SAP. Depending on contracts and criteria, customers can set up an SAP CCC center in their organization.
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SAP Customer Relationship Management (SAP CRM)
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This application focuses primarily on the value relationship between an enterprise and the enterprise’s business and customers. SAP CRM is integrated with other applications of SAP Business Suite and provides all the features and functions that are needed for marketing planning, sales, order transaction, and customer service.
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SAP EarlyWatch Alert
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Proactive service from SAP that can be accessed from the SAP Solution Manager application management solution or an SAP system.
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SAP EarlyWatch Check
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This service uses a remote connection to analyze a customer's operating systems, databases, and SAP applications to identify possible areas for performance optimization and thus contribute to reducing total cost of ownership.
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SAP Employee Self-Service (SAP ESS)
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This application enables employees to actively participate in human resources-related business processes. For example, employees can easily view, create, and maintain data anytime and anywhere from a Web browser.
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SAP Enterprise Buyer (SAP EB)
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E-procurement component for strategic sourcing within SAP Supplier Relationship Management (SAP SRM). Among other capabilities, it can trigger releases, purchase orders, goods receipts, and invoice receipts.
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SAP Enterprise Support
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Services that provide SAP support through a 24/7 service-level agreement, continuous quality checks, support advisory, and advanced support for implementing SAP ERP enhancement packages and support packages. An enterprise edition of the SAP Solution Manager application management solution enables proactive risk reduction, while helping increase the business value of SAP solutions.
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SAP ERP
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Comprehensive application for managing financials, human resources, logistics processes, and corporate service, as well as for controlling administrative and operational business processes. Built on the SAP NetWeaver technology platform, SAP ERP supports portal technology, business intelligence, knowledge management, and mobile technologies, among others.
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SAP ERP Corporate Services
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ERP solution that helps manage and control resource-intensive corporate functions. With SAP ERP Corporate Services, enterprises have the means to manage business-critical operations and the ability to tailor the solution to meet specific needs. The solution offers support for the critical areas of travel management, real-estate management, environment, health, and safety (EH&S), and incentive and commission management, and thus helps lower costs and ensure strict adherence with regulations and corporate guidelines.
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SAP ERP Financials
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Comprehensive ERP solution for finance and accounting that delivers tools enabling finance and payment processes to be performed, administered, and analyzed efficiently in a network of many different companies using e-business.
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SAP ERP HCM
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see SAP ERP Human Capital Management.
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SAP ERP Human Capital Management (SAP ERP HCM)
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With this ERP solution, an enterprise can maximize the value of its employees and align employee skills, activities, and incentives with business objectives and strategies. SAP ERP HCM also provides the tools to manage, measure, and reward individual and team contributions. By leveraging integrated HR tools, enterprises can gain insight into – and control over – virtual workforces as well as adapt workforce and IT investments more quickly and easily. This can significantly improve productivity as employees focus more time on value-added activities. SAP ERP HCM supports processes for recruiting, deploying, developing, motivating, and retaining employees, improving these processes from end to end. SAP ERP HCM provides integrated, enterprise-wide functionality.
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SAP ERP Operations
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This ERP solution covers all logistic operations of a company and provides a foundation to expand business processes across company boundaries. The solution facilitates the development and introduction of new products and supports the entire product life cycle.
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SAP Event Management
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An application for supply chain event management (SCEM) that tracks and controls business processes along the entire supply chain – by integrating supply chain planning, supply chain execution, customer relationship management, and product life-cycle management in both SAP and non-SAP applications.
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SAP Financial Supply Chain Management (SAP FSCM)
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Part of the SAP ERP Financials application, enabling integrated financial management within the enterprise and its business networks.
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SAP for A&D
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see SAP for Aerospace & Defense.
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SAP for Aerospace & Defense (SAP for A&D)
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Solution portfolio specifically designed to meet the needs of aerospace and defense industry. It offers capabilities for maintenance, repair and overhaul, airline operations, defense, manufacturing, contract and program management, and business acquisitions.
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SAP for Automotive
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Solution portfolio designed to meet the specific needs of the automotive industry. Its capabilities help link complex business processes into a logical flow, maximizing efficiency and profitability and satisfying customers' expectations.
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SAP for Banking
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Solution portfolio that enables banks to obtain all customer information at a glance and offers a full complement of high-performance capabilities for strategic planning, financial accounting, costing, and enterprise wide control. It also features key industry-specific applications for profitability management, risk management, customer relationship management, and integrated customer account systems.
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SAP for Chemicals
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Solution portfolio that delivers the specific processes and tools that chemical companies require. Industry-specific capabilities include recipe management, batch management, and version control.
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SAP for Consumer Products
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Solution portfolio that supports the integration of every step of consumer product value chain – from suppliers to consumers. Key capabilities include mobile sales, internet sales, trade promotion management, and category management.
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SAP for Defense & Security
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Solution portfolio that offers a variety of capabilities that meet the critical needs of the defense and security sector. Key industry-specific capabilities include acquisition and materials management, force planning, maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO), personnel and organization, infrastructure management, planning and support for deployed operations, in-service support, and line maintenance.
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SAP for EC&O
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see SAP for Engineering, Construction & Operations.
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SAP for Engineering, Construction & Operations (SAP for EC&O)
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Solution portfolio designed to meet the specific requirements of project-oriented enterprises and offers capabilities for industrial plant construction, construction of commercial and private buildings, as well as shipbuilding.
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SAP for Healthcare
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Solution portfolio for hospitals and clinics to manage a variety of required administrative and clinical processes.
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SAP for High Tech
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Solution portfolio that meets the demands of high-tech industries, including RosettaNet support.
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SAP for IM&C
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see SAP for Industrial Machinery & Components.
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SAP for Industrial Machinery & Components (SAP for IM&C)
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Solution portfolio that coordinates the entire scope of business activities (estimating, order entry, project management, production planning) for the industrial sector and lends support areas ranging from maintenance and services to billing and profitability analysis.
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SAP for Insurance
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Solution portfolio that integrates steps in the insurance business process, including capabilities for customer contact, policy and product management, collections and disbursement, as well as claims management.
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SAP for Life Sciences
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Solution portfolio that meets the requirements of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and diagnostics companies, as well as manufacturers of medical devices and products.
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SAP for Media
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Solution portfolio that supports processes specific to the media industry with capabilities that include sales and distribution, advertising management, product development, and intellectual property management.
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SAP for Mill Products
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Solution portfolio for manufacturers of building materials, paper and timber industry, and metal and primary metal production, as well as textiles and furniture manufacturers.
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SAP for O&G
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see SAP for Oil & Gas.
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SAP for Oil & Gas (SAP for O&G)
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Solution portfolio that meets the demands of oil and gas companies of all sizes.
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SAP for Professional Services
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Solution portfolio that delivers integrated tools, best practices, and automated processes designed specifically for the demands of the professional services industry, including management consultancies as well as accounting and legal firms.
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SAP for Public Sector
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Solution portfolio for public administration, providing an electronic framework that makes it possible to communicate online through various applications for the public, government authorities, and related entities.
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SAP for Retail
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Solution portfolio that offers multichannel applications designed specifically to provide the best retail services to a large customer base.
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SAP for Telecommunications
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Solution portfolio that provides telecommunications enterprises of all types and sizes a range of industry-specific capabilities, including support for convergent invoicing and contract accounting.
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SAP for Travel & Logistics Services
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Solution portfolio that covers the unique business needs of postal services, railways, airlines, and toll collection companies, as well as logistics service providers, to optimize supply chain and planning.
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SAP for Utilities
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Solution portfolio for all supply and energy industries, with capabilities ranging from call centers and Internet communications to consumption billing. The SAP Energy Data Management application is also available.
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SAP for Wholesale Distribution
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Solution portfolio that addresses the needs of midsize and large wholesale distribution businesses in a wide range of segments. Industry-specific capabilities support new business models and strategies that meet the needs of an important supply sector.
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SAP GoingLive Check
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This service analyzes core business processes and ensures a successful productive startup and stable operation using the parameters specified by the customer.
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SAP Graphic Information Systems (SAP GIS) Business Connector
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Passive middleware product that conveys information between a graphic information system and SAP program without triggering any processes itself.
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SAP GRC Global Trade Services
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This application connects customers’ logistics systems with foreign trade-relevant processes or services, regardless of location.
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SAP Hosting
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Service that enables SAP customers to access SAP applications and provides the infrastructure required. In this way, solutions are ready to use, and can be adapted to customers’ growing requirements.
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SAP Learning Solution
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SAP Learning Solution comprises a learning portal, learning management system, authoring tools, and content management system. Individual training and strategic personnel development are supported in the solution.
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SAP Legacy System Migration Workbench
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Supports customers of SAP ERP in the migration of data from legacy systems.
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SAP Manufacturing
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Application based on the SAP NetWeaver technology platform for managing manufacturing operations with embedded Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma principles.
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SAP MaxAttention
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SAP's premium maintenance offer offered as an enhancement to SAP Enterprise Support.
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SAP MAM
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see SAP Mobile Asset Management.
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SAP MDSD
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see SAP Mobile Direct Store Delivery.
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SAP Mobile Asset Management
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Application that empowers mobile workers to perform their daily duties related to plant maintenance and customer service in the field – at customer sites and within plants – while disconnected from a back-end SAP system.
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SAP Mobile Direct Store Delivery
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Application that enables delivery personnel to issue invoices, collect cash, take orders for future deliveries, manage truck inventory, and perform other related activities.
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SAP Mobile Sales
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Application that help field staff in recording orders, checking the availability of goods, providing access to customer information, and monitoring the status of customer orders.
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SAP Mobile Service
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Application that lets service workers view and confirm every step of the remote service management process while working off-site. Capabilities include service management, service order management, service confirmation, account management, task and activity management, absence and attendance management, product catalog management, and complaints management.
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SAP Mobile Time and Travel (SAP MTT)
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Application that allows workers to track business trips, related expenses, and work completed while away from the office as well as capabilities supporting time sheets and travel expense management.
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SAP MTT
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see SAP Mobile Time and Travel.
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SAP NetWeaver
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Technology platform that integrates information and business processes across technologies and organizations. SAP NetWeaver embraces Internet standards such as HTTP, XML, and Web services, and is the foundation of the SAP Business Suite family of applications.
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SAP NetWeaver Application Server (SAP NetWeaver AS)
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This component offers customers support for platform-independent Web services, business applications, and standards-based developments based upon key technologies such as J2EE and ABAP. This component offers customers support for platform-independent Web services, business applications, and standards-based developments based upon key technologies such as J2EE and ABAP.
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SAP NetWeaver AS
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see SAP NetWeaver Application Server.
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SAP NetWeaver BI
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see SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence.
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SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence (SAP NetWeaver BI)
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A component of the SAP NetWeaver technology platform that provides a complete view of a company – and the tools needed to make the right decisions, optimize processes, and measure strategic success (such as business-critical factors and benchmarks). In this way, business strategies can be adapted to changed market conditions, and the results of analyses can be graphically represented in a wide variety of formats, such as grids, graphs, and InfoCubes. Includes the SAP Business Information Warehouse component.
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SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio
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Tool based on the open-source Eclipse framework that supports the efficient development of Web Dynpro, Web services, and Java/J2EE business applications, as well as Java projects on a large-scale basis for both SAP technologies and standard technologies.
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SAP NetWeaver Exchange Infrastructure (SAP NetWeaver XI)
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Komponente der Technologieplattform SAP NetWeaver; dient zur nachrichtenbasierenden Integration aller internen und externen Systeme. Vorgänger von SAP NetWeaver Process Integration (SAP NetWeaver PI), siehe auch dort.
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SAP NetWeaver Master Data Management (SAP NetWeaver MDM)
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A component of the SAP NetWeaver technology platform that offers open integration technologies for process-oriented collaboration between SAP and non-SAP components of multiple enterprises. The separation of integration knowledge from the underlying application code creates a reliable and scalable IT infrastructure.
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SAP NetWeaver MDM
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see SAP NetWeaver Master Data Management.
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SAP NetWeaver Mobile
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A component of the SAP NetWeaver technology platform that provides a platform-independent runtime environment for mobile solutions that employees can use to access enterprise data at any time and from any location, both online and offline.
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SAP NetWeaver PI
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see SAP NetWeaver Process Integration.
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SAP NetWeaver Portal
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A component of the SAP NetWeaver technology platform that offers a complete portal infrastructure and high-performance functions for knowledge management and collaboration between enterprises. The portal is based on open standards and Web services and tightly linked with other SAP NetWeaver components, so it also supports heterogeneous IT landscapes and is compatible with Java, J2EE, and Microsoft.NET.
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SAP NetWeaver Process Integration (SAP NetWeaver PI)
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A component of the SAP NetWeaver technology platform that includes all capabilities previously covered by SAP NetWeaver Exchange Infrastructure to realize cross-system business processes. SAP NetWeaver PI enables different versions of SAP and non-SAP systems from different vendors running on different platforms (for example, Java ABAP, and so on) to communicate with each other.
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SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer
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A design tool that facilitates the creation of SAP NetWeaver Portal content using a visual user interface, rather than written code.
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SAP NetWeaver XI
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see SAP NetWeaver Exchange Infrastructure.
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SAP Product Lifecycle Management (SAP PLM)
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An application that integrates all of the parties involved in the development of a product: product developers, suppliers, manufacturers, users, and customers. Product development and production no longer takes place along a linear value chain, but within a three-dimensional, cross-company team. SAP PLM provides a complete overview of all product-related business processes and information across the complete product and asset life cycle – from product idea, draft, and design through preparatory production processes and changes to maintenance.
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SAP R/2
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Business software for mainframe computers that SAP launched in 1979. Precursor to SAP R/3.
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SAP R/3
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Precursor to SAP ERP that SAP launched in 1992 (SAP ERP).
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SAP Safeguarding
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Services that can be used for implementations, upgrades, and migrations, as well as for the ongoing optimization and monitoring of business processes.
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SAP SCM
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see SAP Supply Chain Management.
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SAP SEM
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see SAP Strategic Enterprise Management.
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SAP Service Marketplace
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Intranet (extranet) platform that offers capabilities for collaboration between SAP, customers, and partners. The extranet provides central access and guided navigation to SAP’s complete portfolio of service offerings.
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SAP Solution Manager
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Application management solution that helps ensure customers have the services, support, expertise, and infrastructure they need to make SAP applications perform reliably at lowest cost of ownership.
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SAP SRM
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see SAP Supplier Relationship Management.
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SAP Strategic Enterprise Management (SAP SEM)
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Application that provides tools and processes that managers and executives can use to introduce enterprise-wide management practices along a value chain. SAP SEM provides an integrated, real-time overview of the performance of a company – over and beyond its organizational structures.
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SAP Supplier Relationship Management (SAP SRM)
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Application that enhances and improves e-procurement processes, helps evaluate procurement strategies, and allows vendors to be connected and integrated in the procurement process.
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SAP Supply Chain Management (SAP SCM)
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Application for logistics with added value that covers all supply chain processes, from planning to supply chain networking.
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Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
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Extends the concept of Web services to a business architecture for complete and service-based business solutions. A crucial aspect is SAP Composite Application Framework, which allows the integration of new and existing capabilities into processes that can be configured and reconfigured across the value chain. SOA is enabled by the SAP NetWeaver technology platform.
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Service Preparation Check
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This tools checks the prerequisites in an SAP system for a service session, and provides concrete instructions on steps to be carried out.
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U
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Upgrade Assistant
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Tool for controlling and monitoring processes during a software upgrade.
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V
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| Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) |
A method of improving performance in the supply chain in which the vendor has access to the customer’s warehouse stock and demand data. With VMI, the vendor takes over responsibility for the product stocks held by the retailer. VMI is also a supply network planning capability within the SAP Advanced Planner and Optimizer application.
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Visibility Scenarios
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A visibility scenario describes one complete business process including a scenario description and configuration settings. These scenarios are used in SAP Event Management and are part of SAP Supply Chain Management.
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W
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Web Dynpro
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Development environment that enables enterprises to model and develop professional applications based on browser technology, including a standards-based, device-independent complete runtime environment. Web Dynpro bridges the gap between different technologies, such as J2EE, ABAP, and Microsoft.NET, and between different Internet browsers and mobile platforms.
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